| Common name |
Scientific name |
Janka Hardness |
| (kN) |
(lbf) |
| afrormosia |
Pericopsis elata |
6.9 |
1,560 |
| albarco |
Cariniana spp. |
4.5 |
1,020 |
| alder, European |
Alnus glutinosa |
2.9 |
650 |
| alder, red |
Alnus rubra |
2.6 |
590 |
| alder, Nepalese |
Alnus nepalensis |
7.4 |
1,690 |
| alder, white |
Alnus rhombifolia |
5.9 |
1,320 |
| andiroba |
Carapa guianensis |
5.0 |
1,130 |
| angelin |
Andira inermis |
7.8 |
1,750 |
| angelique |
Dicorynia guianensis |
5.7 |
1,290 |
| anime |
Protium spp. |
4.1 |
920 |
| apple |
Malus sylvestris |
7.7 |
1,730 |
| ash, black |
Fraxinus nigra |
3.8 |
850 |
| ash, blue |
Fraxinus quadrangulata |
9.0 |
2,030 |
| ash, green |
Fraxinus pennsylvanica |
5.3 |
1,200 |
| ash, oregon |
Fraxinus latifolia |
5.2 |
1,160 |
| ash, pumpkin |
Fraxinus profunda |
4.4 |
990 |
| ash, white |
Fraxinus americana |
5.9 |
1,320 |
| aspen, bigtooth |
Populus grandidentata |
1.9 |
420 |
| aspen, quaking |
Populus tremuloides |
1.6 |
350 |
| avodire |
Turraeanthus africanus |
4.8 |
1,080 |
| azobe |
Lophira alata |
14.9 |
3,350 |
| baldcypress |
Taxcodium distichum |
2.3 |
570 |
| balsa |
Ochroma pyramidale |
0.4 |
90 |
| banak |
Virola spp. |
2.3 |
510 |
| basswood, American |
Tilia americana |
1.8 |
410 |
| basswood, Carolina |
Tilia caroliniana |
1.8 |
410 |
| basswood, white |
Tilia heterophylla |
|
|
| beech, American |
Fagus grandifolia |
5.8 |
1,300 |
| benge |
Guibourtia arnoldiana |
7.8 |
1,750 |
| birch, gray |
Betula populifolia |
3.4 |
760 |
| birch, paper |
Betula papyrifera |
4.0 |
910 |
| birch, river |
Betula nigra |
5.6 |
1,260 |
| birch, sweet |
Betula lenta |
6.5 |
1,470 |
| birch, yellow |
Betula alleghaniensis |
5.6 |
1,260 |
| bloodwood, conduru, cardinal wood |
Brosimum rubescens |
14.0 |
2,900 |
| boxelder |
Acer negundo |
3.2 |
720 |
| bubinga |
Guibourtia spp. |
12.0 |
2,690 |
| buckeye, Ohio |
Aesculus glabra |
|
|
| buckeye, yellow |
Aesculus octandra |
1.6 |
350 |
| buckthorn, cascara |
Rhamnus purshiana |
4.6 |
1,040 |
| bulletwood |
Manilkara bidentata |
14.2 |
3,190 |
| butternut |
Juglans cinerea |
2.2 |
490 |
| buttonwood |
Conocarpus erectus |
|
|
| catalpa, northern |
Catalpa speciosa |
2.4 |
550 |
| catalpa, southern |
Catalpa bignonioides |
2.4 |
550 |
| cativo |
Prioria copaifera |
2.8 |
630 |
| cedar, Alaska |
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis |
2.6 |
580 |
| cedar, atlantic white |
Chamaecyparis thyoides |
1.6 |
350 |
| cedar, Port Orford |
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana |
3.2 |
720 |
| cedar, yellow |
Cupressus nootkatensis |
2.6 |
580 |
| ceiba |
Ceiba pentandra |
1.1 |
240 |
| chalviande |
Virola spp. |
2.1 |
481 |
| cherry, black, American |
Prunus serotina |
4.2 |
950 |
| cherry, Brazilian |
Castenea dentata |
10.4 |
2,350 |
| cherry, wild, European |
Prunus avium |
5.1 |
1,150 |
| chestnut, American |
Castenea dentata |
2.4 |
540 |
| chinkapin, giant |
Castanopsis chrysophylla |
3.2 |
730 |
| coffeetree, Kentucky |
Gymnocladus dioicus |
6,2 |
1,390 |
| cottonwood - balsam poplar |
Populus balsamifera |
1.3 |
300 |
| cottonwood, black |
Populus trichocarpa |
1.6 |
350 |
| cottonwood, eastern |
Populus deltoides |
1.9 |
430 |
| courbaril |
Hymenaea courbaril |
10.5 |
2,350 |
| cuangare |
Dialyanthera spp. |
1.7 |
380 |
| cypress, Australian |
Callitris glaucophylla |
6.0 |
1,375 |
| cypress, Mexican |
Cupressus lustianica |
2.0 |
460 |
| degame |
Calycophyllum candidissimum |
8.6 |
1,940 |
| determa |
Ocotea rubra |
2.9 |
660 |
| dogwood, flowering |
Cornus florida |
9.6 |
2,150 |
| Douglas-fir, coast |
Pseudotsuga menziesii |
3.2 |
710 |
| Douglas-fir, interior west |
Pseudotsuga menziesii |
2.9 |
660 |
| Douglas-fir, interior north |
Pseudotsuga menziesii |
2.7 |
600 |
| Douglas-fir, interior south |
Pseudotsuga menziesii |
2.3 |
510 |
| ebony, African, Gaboon, Nigerian |
Diospyros crassiflora |
14.1 |
3,220 |
| ebony, black and white, pale moon |
Diospyros malabarica |
7.9 |
1,790 |
| ebony, Ceylon, East Indian |
Diospyros cebenum |
10.8 |
2,430 |
| ebony, Macassar, striped |
Diospyros celebica |
14.1 |
3,220 |
| ebony, mun |
Diospyros mun |
13.4 |
3,000 |
| ebony, persimmon, white |
Diospyros virginiana |
10.2 |
2,300 |
| ekop |
Tetraberlinia tubmaniana |
4.1 |
910 |
| elder, blue |
Sambucus cerulea |
3.7 |
840 |
| elm, american |
Ulmus americana |
3.7 |
830 |
| elm, cedar |
Ulmus crassifolia |
5.9 |
1,320 |
| elm, rock |
Ulmus thomasii |
5.9 |
1,320 |
| elm, slippery |
Ulmus rubra |
3.8 |
860 |
| elm, winged |
Ulmus alata |
6.8 |
1,540 |
| fir, balsam |
Abies balsamea |
1.8 |
400 |
| fir, California red |
Abies magnifica |
2.2 |
500 |
| fir, grand |
Abies grandis |
2.2 |
490 |
| fir, noble |
Abies procera |
1.8 |
410 |
| fir, pacific silver |
Abies amabilis |
1.9 |
430 |
| fir, subalpine |
Abies lasiocarpa |
1.6 |
350 |
| fir, white |
Abies concolor |
2.1 |
480 |
| goncalo alves |
Astronium graveolens |
9.6 |
2,160 |
| granadillo |
Platymiscium yucatanum |
10.9 |
2,450 |
| greenheart |
Chlorocardium rodiei |
10.5 |
2,350 |
| hackberry |
Celtis occidentalis |
3.9 |
880 |
| hackberry, netleaf |
Celtis reticulata |
|
|
| (hackberry) sugarberry |
Celtis laevigata |
|
|
| hemlock, eastern |
Tsuga canadensis |
2.2 |
500 |
| hemlock, mountain |
Tsuga mertensiana |
3.0 |
680 |
| hemlock, western |
Tsuga heterophylla |
2.4 |
540 |
| hickory, bitternut |
Carya cordiformis |
6.7 |
1,500 |
| hickory, black |
Carya texana |
|
|
| hickory, nutmeg |
Carya myristicaeformis |
|
|
| hickory, pecan |
Carya illinoensis |
8.1 |
1820 |
| hickory, sand |
Carya pallida |
|
|
| hickory, water |
Carya aquatica |
6.9 |
1,550 |
| hickory. mockernut |
Carya tomentosa |
8.8 |
1,970 |
| hickory, pignut |
Carya glabra |
9.5 |
2,140 |
| hickory, shagbark |
Carya ovata |
8.4 |
1,880 |
| hickory, shellbark |
Carya lacinosa |
8.1 |
1,810 |
| holly, American |
Ilex opaca |
4.5 |
1,020 |
| honeylocust |
Gleditsia triacanthos |
7.0 |
1,580 |
| hophornbeam, eastern |
Ostrya virginiana |
8.3 |
1,860 |
| hornbeam, American |
Carpinus caroliniana |
7.9 |
1,780 |
| hura |
Hura crepitans |
2.4 |
550 |
| ilomba |
Pycnanthus angolensis Exell |
2.7 |
610 |
| incense-cedar |
Libocedrus decurrens |
2.1 |
470 |
| ipe |
Handroanthus spp. (lapacho group), Brazilian walnut |
15.6 |
3,510 |
| iroko |
Chlorophora spp. |
5.6 |
1,260 |
| jarrah |
Eucalyptus marginata |
8.5 |
1,910 |
| jelutong |
Dyera costulata |
1.7
(@15%) |
390 |
| juniper, alligator |
Juniperus deppeana |
5.2 |
1,160 |
| juniper, western |
Juniperus occidentalis |
|
|
| kaneelhart |
Licaria spp. |
12.9 |
2,900 |
| kapur |
Dryobalanops spp. |
5.5 |
1,230 |
| karri |
Eucalyptus diversicolor |
9.1 |
2,040 |
| kempas |
Koompassia malaccensis |
7.6 |
1,710 |
| keruing |
Dipterocarpus spp. |
5.6 |
1,270 |
| larch, western |
Larix occidentalis |
3.7 |
830 |
| laurel, California |
Umbellularia californica |
5.6 |
1,270 |
| laurel, mountain |
Kalmia latifolia |
8.0 |
1,790 |
| lignumvitae |
Guaiacum spp. |
20.0 |
4,500 |
| limba |
Terminalia superba |
2.2 |
490 |
| locust, black |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
7.6 |
1,700 |
| macawood |
Platymiscium spp. |
14.0 |
3,150 |
| "M" continued >>> |
|
| Common name |
Scientific name |
Janka Hardness |
| (kN) |
(lbf) |
| madrone, Pacific |
Arbutus menziesii |
6.5 |
1,460 |
| magnolia, cucumber tree |
Magnolia acuminata |
3.1 |
700 |
| magnolia, southern |
Magnolia grandiflora |
4.5 |
1,020 |
| magnolia, sweetbay |
Magnolia virginiana |
3.6 |
810 |
| mahogany, African |
Khaya spp. |
3.7 |
830 |
| mahogany, Santos, Cabreuva |
Myroxylon balsamum |
9.8 |
2,200 |
| mahogany, true |
Swietenia macrophylla |
3.6 |
800 |
| manbarklak |
Eschweilera spp. |
15.5 |
3,480 |
| manni |
Symphonia globulifera |
5.0 |
1,120 |
| maple, bigleaf |
Acer macrophyllum |
3.8 |
850 |
| maple, black |
Acer nigrum |
5.2 |
1,180 |
| maple, red |
Acer rubrum |
4.2 |
950 |
| maple, silver |
Acer saccharimum |
3.1 |
700 |
| maple, sugar (hard) |
Acer saccharum |
6.4 |
1,450 |
| marishballi |
Lincania spp. |
15.9 |
3,570 |
| merbau |
Intsia spp. |
6.7 |
1,500 |
| mersawa |
Anisoptera spp. |
5.7 |
1,290 |
| mesquite |
Prosopis spp. |
10.4 |
2,345 |
| mora |
Mora spp. |
10.2 |
2,300 |
| myrtlewood |
Umbellularia californica |
5.65 |
1,270 |
| oak, black |
Quercus velutina |
5.4 |
1,210 |
| oak, cherrybark |
Quercus falcata var pagodifolia |
6.6 |
1,480 |
| oak, southern red |
Quercus falcata |
4.7 |
1,060 |
| oak, laurel |
Quercus laurifolia |
5.4 |
1,210 |
| oak, northern red |
Quercus rubra |
5.7 |
1,290 |
| oak, pin |
Quercus palustris |
6.7 |
1,510 |
| oak, scarlet |
Quercus coccinea |
6.2 |
1,400 |
| oak, shumard |
Quercus shumardii |
5.8 |
1,290 |
| oak, water |
Quercus nigra |
5.3 |
1,190 |
| oak, willow |
Quercus phellos |
6.5 |
1,460 |
| oak, bur |
Quercus macrocarpa |
6.1 |
1,370 |
| oak, chestnut |
Quercus prinus |
5.0 |
1,130 |
| oak, live |
Quercus virginiana |
12.9 |
2,680 |
| oak, overcup |
Quercus lyrata |
5.3 |
1,190 |
| oak, post |
Quercus stellata |
6.0 |
1,360 |
| oak, swamp chestnut |
Quercus michauxii |
5.5 |
1,240 |
| oak, swamp white |
Quercus bicolor |
7.2 |
1,620 |
| oak, white |
Quercus alba |
6.0 |
1,360 |
| obeche |
Triplochiton scleroxylon |
1.9 |
430 |
| okoume |
Aucoumea klaineana |
1.7 |
380 |
| opepe |
Nauclea diderrichii |
7.3 |
1,630 |
| osage orange, horse apple |
Maclura pomifera |
12.3 |
2,760 |
| ovangkol |
Guibourtia ehie |
5.9 |
1,330 |
| pedauk - African |
Pterocarpus soyauxii |
8.6 |
1970 |
| para-angelim |
Hymenolobium excelsum |
7.7 |
1,720 |
| parana-pine |
Araucaria augustifolia |
3.5 |
780 |
| pau marfim, Patagonian maple |
Balfourodendron riedelianum |
6.7 |
1,500 |
| peroba de campos |
Paratecoma peroba |
7.1 |
1,600 |
| peroba rosa |
Aspidosperma spp., peroba group |
7.7 |
1,730 |
| persimmon, common |
Diospyros virginiana |
10.2 |
2,300 |
| pilon |
Hyeronima spp. |
7.6 |
1,700 |
| pine, Caribbean |
Pinus caribaea |
5.5 |
1,240 |
| pine, eastern white |
Pinus strobus |
1.7 |
380 |
| pine, heart |
Pinus resinosa |
5.5 |
1,225 |
| pine, jack |
Pinus banksiana |
2.5 |
570 |
| pine, Jeffrey |
Pinus jeffreyi |
2.2 |
500 |
| pine, limber |
Pinus flexilis |
1.9 |
430 |
| pine, loblolly |
Pinus taeda |
3.1 |
690 |
| pine, lodgepole |
Pinus contorta |
2.1 |
480 |
| pine, longleaf |
Pinus palustris |
3.9 |
870 |
| pine, ocote |
Pinus oocarpa |
4.0 |
910 |
| pine, pinyon |
Pinus edulis |
3.8 |
860 |
| pine, pitch |
Pinus rigida |
2.8 |
620 |
| pine, pond |
Pinus serotina |
3.3 |
740 |
| pine, ponderosa |
Pinus ponderosa |
2.0 |
460 |
| pine, Monterey |
Pinus radiata |
3.3 |
750* |
| pine. red |
Pinus resinosa |
2.5 |
560 |
| pine, sand |
Pinus clausa |
3.3 |
730 |
| pine, shortleaf |
Pinus echinata |
3.1 |
690 |
| pine, slash |
Pinus elliotti |
3.4 |
760 |
| pine, spruce |
Pinus glabra |
2.9 |
660 |
| pine, sugar |
Pinus lambertiana |
1.7 |
380 |
| pine, Table Mountain |
Pinus pungens |
2.9 |
660 |
| pine, virginia |
Pinus virginiana |
3.3 |
740 |
| pine, western white |
Pinus monticola |
1.9 |
420 |
| piquia |
Caryocar spp. |
7.7 |
1,720 |
| poplar |
Liriodendron tulipifera |
2.4 |
540 |
| primavera |
Tabebula donnell-smithii |
2.9 |
660 |
| pulgande |
Dacryodes spp. |
3.0 |
666 |
| purpleheart |
Peltogyne spp. |
8.3 |
1,860 |
| ramin |
Gonystylus bancanus |
5.8 |
1,300 |
| red cedar, eastern |
Juniperus virginiana |
4.0 |
900 |
| red cedar, southern |
Juniperus silicicola |
2.7 |
610 |
| red cedar, western |
Thuja plicata |
1.6 |
350 |
| redwood, old growth |
Sequoia sempervirens |
2.1 |
480 |
| redwood, second growth |
Sequoia sempervirens |
1.9 |
420 |
| robe |
Tabebul spp., roble group |
4.3 |
960 |
| rosewood, Brazilian |
Dalbergia nigra |
12.1 |
2,720 |
| rosewood, Indian |
Dalbergia latifolia |
14.1 |
3,170 |
| sajo |
Campnosperma panamensis |
1.9 |
425 |
| sande |
Brosimum spp., utile group |
4.0 |
900 |
| santa maria |
Calophyllum brasiliense |
5.1 |
1,150 |
| sapele |
Entandrophragma cylindricum |
6.7 |
1510 |
| sassafras |
Sassafras albidum |
2.8 |
630 |
| sepetir |
Pseudosindora palustris |
6.3 |
1,410 |
| serviceberry |
Amelanchier spp. |
8.0 |
1,800 |
| shorea |
Shorea spp., baulau group |
7.9 |
1,780 |
| shorea, dark red meranti |
Shorea spp., lauan-meranti group |
3.5 |
780 |
| shorea, light red meranti |
Shorea spp., lauan-meranti group |
2.0 |
460 |
| shorea, white meranti |
Shorea javanica, lauan-meranti group |
5.7 |
1,140 |
| shorea, yellow meranti |
Shorea spp., lauan-meranti group |
3.4 |
770 |
| silverbell, Carolina |
Halesia carolina |
2.6 |
590 |
| sourwood |
Oxydendrum arboreum |
4.2 |
940 |
| Spanish-cedar |
Cedrela spp. |
2.7 |
600 |
| spruce, black |
Picea mariana |
2.3 |
520 |
| spruce, Engelmann |
Picea engelmanni |
1.7 |
390 |
| spruce, red |
Picea rubra |
2.2 |
490 |
| spruce, Sitka |
Picea sitchensis |
2.3 |
510 |
| spruce, white |
Picea glauca |
2.1 |
480 |
| sucupira |
Bowdichia brasiliensis |
12.2 |
2,750 |
| sucupira |
Diplotropis purpurea |
9.5 |
2,140 |
| sumac, staghorn |
Rhus typhina |
3.0 |
680 |
| sweetgum |
Liquidambar styraciflua |
3.8 |
850 |
| sycamore, american |
Platanus occidentalis |
3.4 |
770 |
| tamarack |
Larix laricina |
2.6 |
590 |
| tanoak |
Lithocarpus densiflorus |
6.3 |
1,420 |
| teak |
Tectona grandis |
4.4 |
1,000 |
| tornillo |
Cedrelinga cateniformis |
10.2 |
2,299 |
| tree-of-heaven |
Ailanthus altissima |
7.7 |
1,731 |
| tulapueta |
Osteophloeum platyspermum |
2.3 |
512 |
| tupelo, black |
Nyssa sylvatica |
3.6 |
810 |
| tupelo. water |
Nyssa aquatica |
3.9 |
880 |
| wallaba |
Eperua spp. |
9.1 |
2,040 |
| walnut, black |
Juglans nigra |
4.5 |
1,010 |
| wenge |
Millettia laurentii |
8.4 |
1,930 |
| white-cedar, northern |
Thuja occidentalis |
1.4 |
320 |
| willow, black |
Salix nigra |
1.6 |
360 |
| witch hazel |
Hamamelis virginica |
6.8 |
1530 |
| yellow poplar |
Liriodendron tulipifera |
2.4 |
540 |
| yew, Pacific |
Taxus brevifolia |
7.1 |
1,600 |
|
